Social Control and Medicine

Could medicine be a form of social control?

In all societies, forms of social control are established in order to maintain the norms of that society. The values and behaviors that a society deems acceptable are called social norms. Social control is the set of mechanisms that societies use to keep individuals acting appropriately. 

Laws and other social institutions within a society are the major forms of social control utilized within most societies. Positive and negative sanctions, or reactions to the behavior of a person help to enforce the norms of society (Henslin, 2010). Although, not all social control is maintained through the use of sanctions. 

In certain areas within the US, religious institutions place more social control over the nearby people than other institutions like educational or judicial. One such example would be the state of Utah. Although many of the sanctions and controls of the Mormon beliefs are integrated into formal laws, the informal controls imposed by the values of the Mormon religion are the more effective. This is similar to those who are of Catholic faith. Although sex before marriage is not an illegal act within the US, the Catholic religion forbids the action. If a member of the congregation acts against these beliefs or norms, then many of the parishioners will act with negative sanctions or reactions towards the person. 

However, in an essay by Irving Zola, the question of medicine as an institution of social control is raised. Zola  states that medicine may be more effective in social control than law and religion. The main question is -- why?  

Although law is an absolute form of social control, being that members of society must obey these controls or else risk being separated from society, religion and medicine are not. If an individual begins to not agree with the norms of a religion, that individual can decided to leave. However, because health does not impose any absolute control, people have begun to focus upon. In the essay, Zola mentions that the reason people turn to medicine is for the sake of health and the safety of experts. Although members of society do not have to listen to one doctor because another doctor may say something completely opposite, similar to the power of religion (Zola, 2011).

The allure of social control from medicine lies within the knowledge of the field. The norm is for one to be healthy, especially within wealthy nations, such as the US. So with the US, people will often change their lifestyle in order to maintain or gain health. These behaviors are often changed through sanctions given by medical professionals, because people see them as someone of authority, although not absolute.

Work Cited

Henslin, James, M. 2010. Sociology, A Down-to-Earth Approach. (10th edition). Boston: Pearson

Zola, Irving Kenneth. 2011. "Medicine as an Institution of Social Control." The Sociological Review 20(4), 487-504. 
           DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-954x.1972.tb002200.x

Deviance, Me, and America

Deviance as it is defined is the fact or state of departing from usual or accepted standards. As I read this definition of deviation I realize that I deviate from the social norms of a society that I live in, and most of my friends in colleges around the world have a same outlook on life, and they tend to deviate along with their friends because no one wants to go along with the norms that society sets forth.

On the Chicago Press website they asses a ook by an author about the space shuttle challenger that deviated from the norms of that time because the challenger was not ready for flight. “When the Space Shuttle Challenger exploded on January 28, 1986, millions of Americans became bound together in a single, historic moment. Many still vividly remember exactly where they were and what they were doing when they heard about the tragedy. In The Challenger Launch Decision, Diane Vaughan recreates the steps leading up to that fateful decision, contradicting conventional interpretations to prove that what occurred at NASA was not skulduggery or misconduct but a disastrous mistake.

Journalists and investigators have historically cited production problems and managerial wrong-doing as the reasons behind the disaster. The Presidential Commission uncovered a flawed decision-making process at the space agency as well, citing a well-documented history of problems with the O-ring and a dramatic last-minute protest by engineers over the Solid Rocket Boosters as evidence of managerial neglect.

Why did NASA managers, who not only had all the information prior to the launch but also were warned against it, decide to proceed? In retelling how the decision unfolded through the eyes of the managers and the engineers, Vaughan uncovers an incremental descent into poor judgment, supported by a culture of high-risk technology. She reveals how and why NASA insiders, when repeatedly faced with evidence that something was wrong, normalized the deviance so that it became acceptable to them.

No safety rules were broken. No single individual was at fault. Instead, the cause of the disaster is a story not of evil but of the banality of organizational life. This powerful work explains why the Challenger tragedy must be reexamined and offers an unexpected warning about the hidden hazards of living in this technological age”.

This Excerpt from the website about the book that describes the challenger deviating from the social norms of that time  and how the challenger deviated from that is a matter of machinery not being  tested quite right because they weren’t afraid to make mistakes in that era. They put their lives on the line to deviate from what society doubted, people in space, those astronauts crossed over the invisible line of deviation because they had a vision of greater things.

In the article above it explains the idea of why one deviates from society “ Why did NASA managers, who not only had all the information prior to the launch but also were warned against it, decide to proceed? In retelling how the decision unfolded through the eyes of the managers and the engineers, Vaughan uncovers an incremental descent into poor judgment, supported by a culture of high-risk technology. She reveals how and why NASA insiders, when repeatedly faced with evidence that something was wrong, normalized the deviance so that it became acceptable to them”. The managers chose to go against these ideas of, being shut down being told that because something can be disproved doesn’t  mean it cant be done and that people who work on something can disprove it, maybe there is also something to be said about the engineers and scientists maybe they were deviating from the norm of conformity and not speaking out about your commanding officers. I just find it all interesting that all these simple things can contribute to such a big idea of standing out and not conforming.

Anyways, I would have to say that along my friends and I we all do different shit that makes us different from each other and this contributes to the idea of standing out from your friends and peers because everyone wants to feel a sense of individualism from themselves to someone else in their college or their hometown and it helps people create who they are because one person might want to go skydiving in his free time whereas another person would want to go out and mash down hills in the summer.

"The Challenger Launch Decision: Risky Technology, Culture, and Deviance at NASA, Vaughan." The University of Chicago Press | Home . N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2013.<http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago

Social Deviance

               Jason Collins is a basketball player in the National Basketball Association. He has had a solid career playing for several teams since he entered the league in 2001. He even made a few trips to the NBA Finals with the New Jersey Nets. Although Collins has made many notable athletic accomplishments, the thing he will be most remembered for is becoming the first openly gay male athlete that is still active in a major North American team sport.

               What Collins did was a deviance from what is normally accepted in major professional sports today. In sociology, deviance is the action or behavior that goes against the accepted social norms, where social norms are behaviors and actions that society believes are normal. So why, if he was going against what society thinks is right, did Collins come out? He didn’t have much to gain in the announcement but plenty to lose.

               One possible explanation comes from the push for gay rights that we have seen in recent years. It could be that the gains made in the gay community are giving confidence to people in higher positions, like Jason Collins, to be more outspoken. This could be true, as reports surfaced just a few months ago that several football players in the NFL were considering coming out as a group. Just like a clothing trend going through a high school, it only takes a few people to start a movement that others will follow.

               How would a movement like this affect professional sports? More importantly, how could something like this affect our society as a whole? It seems that only time will tell how this plays out, but it surely will be a struggle for the athletes and the society they’re against.

Bibliography:

Kim, Bo-Rin, Alison Liss, Monica Rao, Zachary Singer, and Rebecca Compton. 2012. “Social Deviance Activates the Brain’s Error-monitoring System - Springer.” Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 12(1):65–73.

Wikipedia. 2013. “Jason Collins.” Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved May 17, 2013 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Collins).

Deviance

A norm is the prime example of how the majority of society or a group of people should act. Take elementary kids for example. At school, they are taught that it is a bad behavior to act out of the ordinary such as taking a classmates lunch or saying a bad word. James Henslin referred to the importance of norms as, “making social life possible by making behavior predictable” (Henslin 2012 p190). Listening to the teacher and following the rules is the normal way to act in a class room setting, but if one kid starts to break those rules, an act of deviance begin. Deviating is breaking rules of the norms or not having much thought to the expectations of others. It can lead to consequences, either good or bad, depending on what kind of deviant act was made. If a 7 year old were to push and shove his peer in front of the teacher, it is consider deviant and out of the norm, therefore, leading to bad consequences such as getting sent to the principal’s office. On the contrast, if his purpose for pushing and shoving was due to defending another classmate who’s getting bullied by a third classmate, it is viewed as an act of heroism. Although his deviant actions are viewed as heroism, it isn't the normal expectation for a 7 year to act in such a way within the classroom. The normal expectation would be to notify the teacher of the bullying and stay out of trouble. What caused him to be deviant? The strain theory, as Kai Erikson mentioned in his article Note on the Sociology of Deviance, "naive acts of deviance..are provoked by strains in the local situation." When put into an upsetting situation, this causes strain which leads to deviance.

Weighing norms and deviants, what are their roles in society? Can there be norms without deviants or vice versa? In my opinion, not having the other is like being in complete darkness without light. There has to be a balance between a deviant and a norm in order to cohabit and function the order of society. Such an example like the 7 year defending his peer, deviance can either be good or bad. At first, he is viewed negatively as a bad student who’s causing trouble. Later, as he is found out to be standing up for others, the views on him is changed positively. His act could have save or destroy a life and that’s the gamble of becoming deviant. In conclusion, being deviant is not a bad thing because society can’t function without it. 

http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/socprob9&div=41&id=&page=

Image:http://www.nysenate.gov/files/users/u39/kids.png

Deviance

            In todays modern day society we are constantly presented with many different forms of deviance.  Kai Erickson describes deviance as “a vagrant form of human activity, moving outside the more orderly currents of social life”.  Deviance can be used in society to introduce change.  It is a truly very affective tactic that has been used many different times by many different individuals and groups.  Great individuals and groups have brought about great changes in society through the use of deviance.  Conforming to society is almost apart of what makes us human.  Although simply being human has many flaws of which society has learned of and corrected in our history.  The changes wanted in the beginning generally are not supported by many others.  Others most likely won’t see it as a true issue that is in need of a solution.  And this is where deviance can come in.  Simply performing the act of deviance brings the issue into view of society.  Once the issue is observed by society support can grow.  Soon the original deviant act is no longer deviant.  Once it fits in with the norms of society laws and rules can be changed.

            Deviance was the primary tactic of revolutionist before the war.  They rebelled against the rules laws and norms.  Their actions were for the most part nonviolent.  However their deviance was often met by strong violence from the British.  This strong violence used against these protestors is what helped win over the public support for independence.  The correct use of deviance to bring about change in society should never involve violent actions.  Property should not be damaged, however many groups have done this in a manner that helped draw supporters for their cause.

Erickson, Kai. Notes on the sociology of deviance. University of Pittsburgh. Retrieved from http://www.soc.umn.edu/~uggen/Erikson_SP_63.pdf

Social Control of Gay Marriage

Every country has social control; America just has a less "official" version of social control. While some countries have strict, government centered social control, America's social control is mainly done by the people. Social control is maintaining the actions of a society and the people within the society by applying negative sanctions to actions that fall outside of the social norm.

 Social control may be happening without people aware of it, and this is the case in America. People in America love the belief that they are free to choose the way the live their lives. But, if American's are free to make their own decisions, then why is it that gay people aren't free to marry the person they are in love with? From a sociological perspective, the negative sanctions applied to homosexuality prevent gay people from getting married. This causes marriage to be a socially controlled activity. In his article, Ultimate battle for gay marriage supporters: their fellow Americans, Jeff Amestoy agrees with this opinion. He says, "The public reaction to a federal judge's decision declaring California's prohibition of same-sex marriages unconstitutional has again demonstrated that Americans have deeply held and divergent views about gay marriage," (Amestoy 2010)

Do you think that social control is the main factor in the legalization of gay marriage? What other factors are influencing this legalization?

Sources:

Amestoy, J. (2010, August 9). Ultimate battle for gay marriage supporters: their fellow Americans.      Christian Science Monitor. p. N.PAG.

Sociology Blog # 2

Alexander Clawson

                                                      Social Control

Social control is a way to cause people to think with in a range that is the current form of society deems acceptable for new individuals growing up and that will one day become part of society. The government, schools, and everyday norms like TV and businesses are used in this design. The head is government it has the greatest changes and therefore flaws the society holds dear. Our elected leader is one of the heads the others are a group of judges elected to justify or destroy laws. The next is regional and state lawmakers that try to make laws to help society. As all these leaders are chosen from society they seek to enhance their beliefs that they learned from the society they grow up in and learn from as it changed over time. Schools are the next biggest factor. Schools both private and public are affected by government through funding and restrictions created. It was not long ago when teachers were not allowed to teach evolution due to the parents wanting to keep their children from what the parents thought was evil and blasphemes. This has changed due to science growing and religion becoming more tolerant about this subject. Now society has found a new way to control us through television. Parents let child watch TV all the time, within limits for most families. Within this time they will watch shows like sponge bob square pants, friends, shark week, etc. These are a very few examples of what can be seen. These shows are based on what can they sell you, stories, moral, facts, etc. Society helps shape what is selling and the shows go with it. Society also tells what is age appropriate such for youth, sponge bob, and for adults , friends, and sometimes a few that can all watch like shark week. Businesses are examples of deviance which our society looks up to in cases of injustice and down upon hurtful doings. Make up which many woman use to look more attractive are often test animals. Women tend to like animals and make up, however want both but hate how animals are treated by these companies so they demand they stop animal testing. These companies then are maybe force to use people which raises cost in products. This raise then makes the women less happy. Just an example of how society has both cause a problem and fixed but at a cost as companies must make money and society tries to right injustice. I feel that our school systems are too relaxed and although they allow for great creativity lack increase in knowledge that would benefit our society better. When I was 8 years old I thought of a heat to electricity conversion machine but I lacked the resources to complete a knowledge approach to making a prototype  or the gas used for the transfer ( my father told me of Freon which is used in AC, my first pick was oxygen). This is my personal example how lack of general kept me from doing something which told have help society because they want to keep child being child. This is slightly backfiring due to some individuals never growing up.

What comes to mind when the word family is used? Well the word family can be used loosely, mainly because, when we are born we automatically are part of a family. As we grow up and age, we may grow apart from our family members distance separates us. Or we lose contact with family members, and family members pass away but they are still part of the family, right? Based on the sociological definitions below it would be easy to see that a family can consist of three to many persons.


Family--consists of two or more persons related by blood, marriage or adoption.

Nuclear family--composed of a husband, wife, and children.

Family of orientation--the family that one grows up with.

Family of procreation--consists of a couple, and their first born child.


Now lets take a look at the merriam-webster definition to see how the word family can be generalized to widen the range of persons we can consider as family.

" 1: a group of individuals living under one roof and usually under one head : household

2

a : a group of persons of common ancestry : clan

b : a people or group of peoples regarded as deriving from a common stock : race

3

a : a group of people united by certain convictions or a common affiliation : fellowship

b : the staff of a high official (as the President)

4

: a group of things related by common characteristics: as

a : a closely related series of elements or chemical compounds

b : a group of soils with similar chemical and physical properties (as texture, pH, and mineral content) that comprise a category ranking above the series and below the subgroup in soil classification

c : a group of related languages descended from a single ancestral language

5

a : the basic unit in society traditionally consisting of two parents rearing their children; also : any of various social units differing from but regarded as equivalent to the traditional family <a single-parent family>

b : spouse and children <want to spend more time with myfamily>

6

a : a group of related plants or animals forming a category ranking above a genus and below an order and usually comprising several to many genera

b in livestock breeding (1) : the descendants or line of a particular individual especially of some outstanding female (2): an identifiable strain within a breed

7

: a set of curves or surfaces whose equations differ only in parameters

8

: a unit of a crime syndicate (as the Mafia) operating within a geographical area"

(http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/family)

Yes i copy and pasted,as i wanted to share the exact definitions so its in quotes the link is in parenthesis below the merriam-webster definitions. I would like for you to look over the definitions provided by merriam-webster.com if you notice the definitions include a wide range of characteristics that can be considered family. They say you cant choose your family so choose your friends wisely. Well to point out the contradiction in that statement its essential that the word family is understood from all angles. Therefore it could be possible to choose your family members. Hopefully this makes some sense.

Resocialization

Alexander Clawson

Resocialization is when someone changes their everyday norms thoughts due to a change in their social setting. There are many examples a few are; when someone is forced or is talked into Alcoholics Anonymous, they are expected to change their norms from walking routes if it is a problem, to their hobbies. Not everything has to change but many things do such particularly those that has to do with what they are getting away from. In the case above alcohol and the problems it has caused with the habits and norms it developed. However, not all resocialization is good. In many cases resocialization is bad or even dangerous, such as drugs, porn and weight loss. People pick up on their first socialization when they are young. This socialization comes from the people the children recognize as their authority figure. These authority figures can be parents, friends, or some homeless man that they believe is the one they have to be. We usually change in small ways slowly over time. However, when resocialization is talked about it is usually very rapid and is not the best or nor worst but is uniquely different and might be reprinting in a way others find strange based on their personal history with the individual. Childhood friends are great examples of this. A friend you had the was slightly bookish that moved away for ten years, comes back and now they are a total jock or tool something like that, that others who knew him could not believe in the direction they resocialized to. 

How is Deviance Functional to our Society?

 

1 .de·vi·ance

/ˈdēvēəns/

Noun The fact or state of departing from usual or accepted standards, esp. in social or sexual behavior.

Synonyms swerve - deviation -tangent

               

                Doing something deviant could be one of many things. There is a wide spectrum of deviant behaviors, and different severities. You could do something mild like wearing pajamas to school, or you could do something a little more severe like shooting up heroin or committing a robbery.  It’s anything that goes outside of society’s norms and sanctions.

            Crime is a big subject when it comes to deviance. There are so many things that trickle from even a DUI for example. When someone gets pulled over and arrested for driving under the influence, that involves a police officer making an arrest, having your car impounded, transporting you to jail, taking you to intake and submitting all of your belongings, filling out tons of paperwork about the arrest, and then you are in county hold.

Then after you are out of the “drunk tank” and call someone to post your bail, they have to either come up with the money their selves, or go to a bail bondsmen. Now you owe your loved one a lot of money. After you get bailed out, you have to acquire a lawyer, meet with a grand jury, go over the case, and go back and forth to court. In which the arresting officer has to come to. Then after you get sentenced, or take a plea bargain, you have to pay your huge fines, court costs, bail, lawyers, impound fees, find a new job after all of the work missed, and try to get your life back on track.

            Just from one single DUI, there has been lots of services used therefor job stimulus. Including, the police officer, county jail, bondsmen, lawyer, court system, probation officer etc.

            Aside from economic and job stimulus, crime shows society what’s right and wrong, what not to do. It also clarifies boundaries, affirms cultural values and norms, promotes solidarity and encourages social change according to Durkheim.  

'The only common characteristic of all crimes is that they consist... in acts universally disapproved of by members of each society... crime shocks sentiments, which, for a given social system, are found in all healthy consciences.' (Durkheim)

http://www.sociology.org.uk/pcfcri95.pdf
http://voices.yahoo.com/crime-through-eyes-functionalism-conflict-525244.html
http://www.s-cool.co.uk/category/assets/learn_its/alevel/sociology/introduction-to-deviance/introduction-to-deviance/2008-01-04_094007.gif
 

Social Control

         Social control is a way for a society or an institution to enforce norms, or behavior they deem acceptable. These can be enforced by laws or in a more subtle relaxed way in how people react to something you do. Positive and negative sanctions play a large role in social control (Henslin, 2012).  If you hold the door open for someone they will most likely smile or thank you, on the other hand if you shut the door in someone’s face they will probably glare at you and in some cases make a rude comment. This encourages courtesy and simply being aware of your surroundings. Another more structured example is school attendance in grade school or high school. Of you are late to class you usually have to go to the office or you get marked late on the attendance sheet. If you have perfect attendance for the year, at least at my high school, you got a certificate at the end of the year assembly. This encourages students to go to class and be on time as well as prepare them for college where professors won’t keep them accountable for coming to class.

            Ivan Pavlov did a famous experiment involving and a bell. It was much more complicated than that but the main idea was getting the dog to drool at the sound of a bell. He did this by ringing the bell each time he was going to feed the dog. By doing this he tied the sound of the bell to food thus making the dog salivate when the bell rings even if there is no food present (Mergel, 1998). My brother did a similar experiment with goldfish; he trained them to swim to the top of the tank at the ring of a bell. This reminds me of social control because in a way it a way to modify behavior. Just like the fish learned to swim to the top of the tank because they knew it meant food, a lot of the things we do are done with the thought of how people will react positively or what we will get for doing it. In a lot of ways society has trained us to swim at the ring of a bell.

Works Cited

Henslin, J. (2012). Sociology a down-to-earth approach. (11th ed.). Pearson.

Mergel, B. (n.d.). Instructional design & learning theory. Retrieved from http://members.iinet.net.au/~aamcarthur/11_March_2008_files/Learning_Theories_of_Instructional_Design.pdf

Labeling Theory and Video Game Addiction

Deviance is defined as "Whatever a social audience reacts against or labels as deviant" (Clinard & Meier, 2011).  An example of this could be anything from murder to blowing your nose on your sleeve.  Normally those who are identifying more condemnable forms of deviancy such as doing drugs, physically abusing another person, or black mailing tend to be people with authority such as police, judges, politicians, etc.   Less extreme deviance is normally judged by social groups or even on the individual level.  Deviancy can be determined by what the majority of a group or society thinks is violating social norms.  Things as simple as wearing a tie with a T-shirt or standing backwards on a moving sidewalk.


Labeling Theory is "conforming society members labeling a behavior as deviant" (Clinard & Meier, 2011).  Behaviors such as stealing or smoking indoors are considered deviant.  Labeling someone as a drug addict or a thief can influence them to continue to do their "deviant" behavior.  People who have been labeled as deviant tend to lose their self esteem and may even reject themselves, making them more likely to fall back into their deviant behavior (Clinard & Meier, 2011).


In this day and age, kids (ages 9-15 used in this paper) tend to spend a lot of their time playing video games.  Video games are full of other worlds with amazing graphics that can take the player to fantasy places and can make the player a hero, villain, wizard, warrior, etc.  They can be an amazing escape from reality and a fun pass time, however, video games can lead to antisocial behavior and even addiction.  Is this all the video game company's fault like parents like to claim?  Kids will normally get a game or two for maybe Christmas or their birthday and start playing it on a regular basis because it's fun.  It may get to the point where they are playing an excessive amount, at least in the parent's eyes.  The social media often enforces the belief that all kid's minds are being rotted, corrupted, and addicted to these games.  This paranoia can cause a parent to try to make rules about the amount of time their child is allowed to play or even try to cut their child off from playing entirely.  Parents telling off or yelling at their kid's for playing video games, saying things like "stop wasting your time," "don't play those stupid games they're bad for you," or "go do something useful with your life instead of rotting your brain in front of a screen."  Kids can interpret this aggressive behavior as their parent's just being mean, which will usually cause kids to get mad and try to fight back, ultimately causing a schism between parents and their kids.  This  situation can lead to the child wanting/needing an escape from the stress caused by the disagreement so that the child will likely turn to video games for relief.  This is a prime example of labeling theory, here is a video showing a small sample of parent's perspectives on video games and video game addiction.

In        In conclusion, video games can be a problem but they can also have positive effects as stated in the video. Video games have been shown to be highly motivating, improve motor skills, reaction time, and attentiveness to visual detail (Gentile, 200-2012).  The conflict between parent and child over playing video games can lead the child to spend more time playing games as an escape causing a self fulfilling prophecy.  This is an example of labeling theory whereby a person becomes what they have been accused of.

Do you think being marked as an addict for any reason would affect your behavior in regards to that action/substance?

What functions do you think video games fulfill?







Clinard, M., & Meier, R. (2011). The sociology of deviant behavior . (14th ed., p. 9). Belmont CA.: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Gentile, D. (200-2012). The effects of video game on children: What parent's need to know. Pediatrcs for Parents,

Socialization in the Family

Ever since birth, we slowly learned the difference between right and wrong. When you are a baby, you start acquiring new skills and pushing your boundaries and it's your parent's responsibility to teach you the right way to behave, or other adults. As you grow older, you start developing and understanding how to act in certain situations, by relying on how you were raised to deal with it. Some families tell their children to run away from conflict, while others tell their children to face their problems. A child's reaction is dependent on how their family raised them.

Throughout history, how a child was brought up was greatly influenced by religious beliefs, and most importantly economic status and the neighborhood you were raised in. When my father was growing up, he was raised as a Jehovah Witness where he didn't celebrate any holidays and they didn't have that much money since my grandparents had to raise seven children. So my father believed heavily in working for what you want because nothing in this world will be handed down to you. He also told me to respect those that deserve respect, because you never know who could help you in the future. On the other hand, my mother was raised in a Christian environment and loved celebrating holidays because it brought the entire family together for dinner and celebration. When my father was in his twenties,  he walked away from the Jehovah religion and atmosphere. Which caused awkwardness between both sides of the families because even though we celebrated holidays and birthdays, me and my sister were not allowed to even mention holidays birthdays when we were around my fathers family.





Henslin, J. M. (2012). Sociology a Down-to-Earth Approach (11^th edition).

Lytton, Huge. "Socialization and the Family." Social Development. By Joan E. Grusec. New York: Springer, 1988. 166-212.